{"id":26741,"date":"2024-06-18T09:48:19","date_gmt":"2024-06-18T02:48:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.fiahub.com\/blog\/?p=26741"},"modified":"2025-03-15T23:35:43","modified_gmt":"2025-03-15T16:35:43","slug":"khai-niem-co-ban-ve-kien-truc-blockchain-thanh-phan-cau-truc-loi-ich-su-sang-tao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.fiahub.com\/blog\/khai-niem-co-ban-ve-kien-truc-blockchain-thanh-phan-cau-truc-loi-ich-su-sang-tao\/","title":{"rendered":"Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Blockchain b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Blockchain l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ed5 c\u00e1i ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n v\u00e0 phi t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_79_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\"><p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">N\u1ed9i dung b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft<\/p>\n<\/div><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fiahub.com\/blog\/khai-niem-co-ban-ve-kien-truc-blockchain-thanh-phan-cau-truc-loi-ich-su-sang-tao\/#Kien_truc_Blockchain_la_gi\" >Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Blockchain l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fiahub.com\/blog\/khai-niem-co-ban-ve-kien-truc-blockchain-thanh-phan-cau-truc-loi-ich-su-sang-tao\/#Loi_ich_cua_Blockchain\" >L\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a Blockchain:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fiahub.com\/blog\/khai-niem-co-ban-ve-kien-truc-blockchain-thanh-phan-cau-truc-loi-ich-su-sang-tao\/#Cau_truc_truc_chi_tiet_cua_Blockchain\" >C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tr\u00fac chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Blockchain<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fiahub.com\/blog\/khai-niem-co-ban-ve-kien-truc-blockchain-thanh-phan-cau-truc-loi-ich-su-sang-tao\/#Dac_diem_chinh_cua_kien_%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8Btruc_Blockchain\" >\u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac Blockchain<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fiahub.com\/blog\/khai-niem-co-ban-ve-kien-truc-blockchain-thanh-phan-cau-truc-loi-ich-su-sang-tao\/#Cac_loai_kien_%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8Btruc_Blockchain\" >C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac Blockchain<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fiahub.com\/blog\/khai-niem-co-ban-ve-kien-truc-blockchain-thanh-phan-cau-truc-loi-ich-su-sang-tao\/#1_Blockchain_cong_khai\" >1. Blockchain c\u00f4ng khai<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fiahub.com\/blog\/khai-niem-co-ban-ve-kien-truc-blockchain-thanh-phan-cau-truc-loi-ich-su-sang-tao\/#Thuan_loi\" >Thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fiahub.com\/blog\/khai-niem-co-ban-ve-kien-truc-blockchain-thanh-phan-cau-truc-loi-ich-su-sang-tao\/#Nhuoc_diem\" >Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fiahub.com\/blog\/khai-niem-co-ban-ve-kien-truc-blockchain-thanh-phan-cau-truc-loi-ich-su-sang-tao\/#2_Blockchain_rieng_tu\" >2. Blockchain ri\u00eang t\u01b0<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fiahub.com\/blog\/khai-niem-co-ban-ve-kien-truc-blockchain-thanh-phan-cau-truc-loi-ich-su-sang-tao\/#Thuan_loi-2\" >Thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fiahub.com\/blog\/khai-niem-co-ban-ve-kien-truc-blockchain-thanh-phan-cau-truc-loi-ich-su-sang-tao\/#Nhuoc_diem-2\" >Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fiahub.com\/blog\/khai-niem-co-ban-ve-kien-truc-blockchain-thanh-phan-cau-truc-loi-ich-su-sang-tao\/#3_Blockchain_lien_minh\" >3. Blockchain li\u00ean minh<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fiahub.com\/blog\/khai-niem-co-ban-ve-kien-truc-blockchain-thanh-phan-cau-truc-loi-ich-su-sang-tao\/#Thuan_loi-3\" >Thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fiahub.com\/blog\/khai-niem-co-ban-ve-kien-truc-blockchain-thanh-phan-cau-truc-loi-ich-su-sang-tao\/#Nhuoc_diem-3\" >Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fiahub.com\/blog\/khai-niem-co-ban-ve-kien-truc-blockchain-thanh-phan-cau-truc-loi-ich-su-sang-tao\/#Cac_thanh_phan_cot_loi_cua_kien_%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8Btruc_Blockchain\" >C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac Blockchain<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fiahub.com\/blog\/khai-niem-co-ban-ve-kien-truc-blockchain-thanh-phan-cau-truc-loi-ich-su-sang-tao\/#Kien_truc_Blockchain_va_co_so_du_lieu_database\" >Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Blockchain v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (database)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Kien_truc_Blockchain_la_gi\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Blockchain l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fiahub.com\/blog\/tag\/blockchain\/\">Blockchain<\/a> l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 trong \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u00ean tham gia giao ti\u1ebfp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba. Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c minh v\u00e0 x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i n\u00fat \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Loi_ich_cua_Blockchain\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a Blockchain:<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">N\u00f3 an to\u00e0n h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0110\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra, b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady ph\u1ea3i gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng trung t\u00e2m n\u00e0o.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">D\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c thao t\u00e1c, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cau_truc_truc_chi_tiet_cua_Blockchain\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tr\u00fac chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Blockchain<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-26742\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fiahub.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/a1-12.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"900\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fiahub.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/a1-12.png 1001w, https:\/\/www.fiahub.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/a1-12-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/www.fiahub.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/a1-12-150x75.png 150w, https:\/\/www.fiahub.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/a1-12-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/www.fiahub.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/a1-12-450x225.png 450w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Header: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u1ed1i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 Blockchain. N\u00f3 x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i trong blockchain. Ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u0103m \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 m\u1ecf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thay \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nonce nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khai th\u00e1c th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f3 ba b\u1ed9 si\u00eau d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9a trong ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u1ed1i.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>\u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 kh\u1ed1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc\/H\u00e0m b\u0103m:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i kh\u1ed1i th\u1ee9 i+1 v\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i th\u1ee9 i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00e0m b\u0103m. N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0m b\u0103m c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i (m\u1eb9) tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 trong chu\u1ed7i.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Timestamp:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e1c minh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0o kh\u1ed1i v\u00e0 \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1eddi gian ho\u1eb7c ng\u00e0y t\u1ea1o cho c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1. Timestamp l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i k\u00fd t\u1ef1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh duy nh\u1ea5t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 cho bi\u1ebft th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Nonce:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> S\u1ed1 nonce ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c trong kh\u1ed1i. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khai th\u00e1c, ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nhi\u1ec1u Nonce m\u1ed7i gi\u00e2y cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi h\u1ecd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng Nonce c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Merkel Root:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i khung c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau. Merkle Tree l\u01b0u tr\u1eef t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch trong m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o ra d\u1ea5u v\u00e2n tay k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 giao d\u1ecbch. N\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng x\u00e1c minh xem m\u1ed9t giao d\u1ecbch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dac_diem_chinh_cua_kien_%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8Btruc_Blockchain\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac Blockchain<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng giao d\u1ecbch t\u1eadp trung, m\u1ed7i giao d\u1ecbch c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady trung t\u00e2m (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng trung \u01b0\u01a1ng), d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t b\u1ecb k\u1eb9t \u1edf c\u00e1c m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 trung t\u00e2m. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eadp trung, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba trong blockchain. C\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn trong blockchain \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong m\u1ea1ng phi t\u1eadp trung.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>T\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> C\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c th\u1ee3 m\u1ecf khai th\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00f3a ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch sau khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u1ea1ng blockchain. C\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>\u1ea8n danh:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi blockchain b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 danh t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 m\u1ecf. L\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng blockchain kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n ri\u00eang t\u01b0 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o do t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Blockchain l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ea7u ra giao d\u1ecbch ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi ti\u00eau (UTXO). M\u1ecdi giao d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 giao d\u1ecbch ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi ti\u00eau tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Sau khi giao d\u1ecbch hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi v\u00e0o blockchain, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch ch\u01b0a chi ti\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb ch\u01b0a chi ti\u00eau sang chi ti\u00eau. Nh\u1edd qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo d\u00f5i d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>T\u00ednh minh b\u1ea1ch: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">T\u00ednh minh b\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a blockchain gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, b\u1eb1ng bitcoin \u0111\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i m\u1ecdi giao d\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9. V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt, n\u00f3 \u1ea9n danh t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 trong v\u00e0 sau giao d\u1ecbch. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y minh b\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t n\u00e0o cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai tham gia v\u00e0o giao d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>M\u1eadt m\u00e3 h\u1ecdc:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m blockchain ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng blockchain \u0111\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt. V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt, n\u00f3 tri\u1ec3n khai m\u1eadt m\u00e3 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u1eadt m\u00e3 v\u00e0 m\u1eadt m\u00e3.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cac_loai_kien_%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8Btruc_Blockchain\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac Blockchain<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Blockchain_cong_khai\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1. Blockchain c\u00f4ng khai<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Blockchain c\u00f4ng khai l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 do tham gia v\u00e0 tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng blockchain. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc, vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng blockchain c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft, phi t\u1eadp trung th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n khi th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 blockchain. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean blockchain c\u00f4ng khai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i sau khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fiahub.com\/blog\/tag\/blockchain\/\">Blockchain<\/a> c\u00f4ng khai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n truy c\u1eadp v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t s\u1ed5 c\u00e1i v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n v\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan trung \u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i trong chu\u1ed7i. C\u00f3 c\u00f4ng khai \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Do kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n truy c\u1eadp v\u00e0o Blockchain c\u00f4ng khai. B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u00fat ho\u1eb7c kh\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh trong m\u1ea1ng\/chu\u1ed7i.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sau khi m\u1ed9t n\u00fat ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i n\u1eb1m trong chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ngang h\u00e0ng. N\u1ebfu ai \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng kh\u1ed1i th\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n sao c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy c\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-26743\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fiahub.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/a2-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"900\" height=\"913\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fiahub.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/a2-1.png 500w, https:\/\/www.fiahub.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/a2-1-296x300.png 296w, https:\/\/www.fiahub.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/a2-1-148x150.png 148w, https:\/\/www.fiahub.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/a2-1-150x152.png 150w, https:\/\/www.fiahub.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/a2-1-450x456.png 450w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Thuan_loi\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i:<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">M\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t nh\u1eb1m khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi tham gia v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec m\u1ea1ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn trong blockchain c\u00f4ng khai.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng blockchain c\u00f4ng khai l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">N\u00f3 c\u00f3 giao d\u1ecbch nhanh ch\u00f3ng.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nhuoc_diem\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m:<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Blockchain c\u00f4ng khai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i cung c\u1ea5p danh t\u00ednh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u1ed1i b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f2n ch\u1eadm.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">N\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Blockchain_rieng_tu\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2. Blockchain ri\u00eang t\u01b0<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khai th\u00e1c c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n truy c\u1eadp v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t blockchain ri\u00eang t\u01b0. N\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, gi\u00fap h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ea1ng. Ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0o giao d\u1ecbch m\u1edbi c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 giao d\u1ecbch \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 truy c\u1eadp v\u00e0o giao d\u1ecbch \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">B\u1edfi n\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 blockchain d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quy\u1ec1n. C\u00e1c Blockchain ri\u00eang t\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c Blockchain c\u00f4ng khai, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u1edfi th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ea1ng. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh Blockchain, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy c\u1eadp Blockchain ri\u00eang t\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n truy c\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng chu\u1ed7i ri\u00eang t\u01b0. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf khi truy c\u1eadp v\u00e0o m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Blockchain ri\u00eang t\u01b0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-26744\" src=\"https:\/\/www.fiahub.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/a3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"900\" height=\"916\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.fiahub.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/a3.png 492w, https:\/\/www.fiahub.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/a3-295x300.png 295w, https:\/\/www.fiahub.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/a3-147x150.png 147w, https:\/\/www.fiahub.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/a3-150x153.png 150w, https:\/\/www.fiahub.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/a3-450x458.png 450w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Thuan_loi-2\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i:<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trong m\u1ed9t blockchain ri\u00eang t\u01b0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng tham gia m\u1ea1ng b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi m\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c minh.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng\/ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia m\u1ea1ng.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Blockchain ri\u00eang t\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nhuoc_diem-2\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m:<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">M\u1ed9t blockchain ri\u00eang c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady, do th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f3 truy c\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Khi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia t\u0103ng l\u00ean, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Blockchain_lien_minh\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3. Blockchain li\u00ean minh<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Blockchain li\u00ean minh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cho ph\u00e9p ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 Blockchain ri\u00eang t\u01b0. C\u00e1c Blockchain c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c Blockchain ri\u00eang t\u01b0, do t\u00ednh ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p cao h\u01a1n n\u00ean n\u00f3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng t\u00ednh ri\u00eang t\u01b0 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 blockchain ri\u00eang t\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ea1ng kh\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">C\u00e1c Blockchain li\u00ean minh n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c Blockchain c\u00f4ng khai v\u00e0 ri\u00eang t\u01b0. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1edfi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai ngo\u00e0i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy c\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Trong Blockchain Consortium, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea5p quy\u1ec1n truy c\u1eadp t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c\/t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Thuan_loi-3\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i:<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p Blockchain li\u00ean minh s\u1ebd lu\u00f4n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7u ra nhanh nh\u1ea5t so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c Blockchain c\u00f4ng khai.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">N\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">M\u1ed9t Blockchain li\u00ean minh c\u00f3 chi ph\u00ed giao d\u1ecbch th\u1ea5p.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nhuoc_diem-3\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m:<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">M\u1ed9t Blockchain li\u00ean minh kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consortium blockchain thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">N\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cac_thanh_phan_cot_loi_cua_kien_%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8Btruc_Blockchain\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac Blockchain<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>N\u00fat:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> C\u00e1c n\u00fat l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang theo d\u00f5i s\u1ed5 c\u00e1i ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m li\u00ean l\u1ea1c trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 m\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t s\u00f3ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u00fat m\u1ea1ng khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khai th\u00e1c t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch th\u00eam m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i m\u1edbi trong c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch v\u00e0o Blockchain.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Giao d\u1ecbch:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Giao d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u1eb7c th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n giao t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u00ean. T\u00e0i s\u1ea3n th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n m\u1eb7t ho\u1eb7c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n. M\u1ea1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh trong blockchain l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u giao d\u1ecbch d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng b\u1ea3n sao v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ed5 c\u00e1i k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Kh\u1ed1i:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> M\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i trong m\u1ea1ng blockchain t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft trong chu\u1ed7i. Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ti\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u1ed5 ghi ch\u00e9p v\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e3 h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh c\u00e2y b\u0103m. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch x\u1ea3y ra h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng ph\u1ea3i theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u1ed1i. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a blockchain \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Chu\u1ed7i:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Chu\u1ed7i l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac Blockchain tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. V\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a h\u00e0m b\u0103m kh\u1ed1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 n\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac chu\u1ed7i.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 khai th\u00e1c: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Khai th\u00e1c Blockchain l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc trong giao d\u1ecbch trong khi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khai th\u00e1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ee3 m\u1ecf. Khai th\u00e1c Blockchain l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc trong giao d\u1ecbch khi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh ti\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>\u0110\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0110\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ch\u1ecbu l\u1ed7i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0 Blockchain \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111a t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. N\u00f3 r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch trong vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc kh\u00e1c nhau:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fiahub.com\/blog\/tag\/proof-of-work-la-gi\/\"><b>Proof of Work (PoW)<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00fat b\u00ean li\u00ean quan ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 do h\u1ecd g\u1eedi, x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n th\u00eam c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch m\u1edbi trong Blockchain.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fiahub.com\/blog\/proof-of-stake-va-cac-bien-the-cua-co-che-dong-thuan-pos\/\"><b>Proof of Stake (PoS)<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p thay th\u1ebf ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p, chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p, ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p cho thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n PoW. \u0110\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m m\u00e0 s\u1ed5 c\u00e1i c\u00f4ng khai cung c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng m\u00e3 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o ti\u1ec1n \u1ea3o nh\u01b0 Bitcoin v\u00e0 Ethereum.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Proof of Capacity (PoC)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 C\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t (PoC) cho ph\u00e9p chia s\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng gian b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u00fat trong m\u1ea1ng blockchain.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Proof of Elapsed Time (PoET):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> N\u00f3 m\u00e3 h\u00f3a th\u1eddi gian tr\u00f4i qua b\u1eb1ng m\u1eadt m\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1n nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Kien_truc_Blockchain_va_co_so_du_lieu_database\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Blockchain v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (database)<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac blockchain v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 15.527065527065528%;\"><b>Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 40.74074074074074%;\"><b>Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Blockchain<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 43.73219373219373%;\"><b>C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 15.527065527065528%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">T\u00ednh ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 40.74074074074074%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Blockchain \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ed7i duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 quan trung \u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0o ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t blockchain.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 43.73219373219373%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 15.527065527065528%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">V\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 40.74074074074074%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Blockchain ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 thao t\u00e1c Insert.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 43.73219373219373%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c Create, Read, Update v\u00e0 Delete.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 15.527065527065528%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 40.74074074074074%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 43.73219373219373%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 15.527065527065528%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 40.74074074074074%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Blockchain l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c quay ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i n\u00f3.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 43.73219373219373%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 15.527065527065528%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 40.74074074074074%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft l\u00ean blockchain.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 43.73219373219373%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 15.527065527065528%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 40.74074074074074%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1eadm.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 43.73219373219373%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">N\u00f3 nhanh h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi blockchain.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">V\u1eady l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng nhau t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a Blockchain l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan. \u0110\u1eebng qu\u00ean, m\u1ecdi th\u1eafc m\u1eafc v\u1ec1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec1n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1, vui l\u00f2ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 Support c\u1ee7a Fiahub 24\/7.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Blockchain l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ed5 c\u00e1i ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n v\u00e0 phi t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Blockchain l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Blockchain l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 trong \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u00ean tham gia giao ti\u1ebfp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":26746,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[21843],"tags":[2740,3295,8325],"class_list":{"0":"post-26741","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-huong-dan-dau-tu","8":"tag-blockchain","9":"tag-pos","10":"tag-pow"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.0 (Yoast SEO v26.6) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Blockchain b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft - Fiahub<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Blockchain l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ed5 c\u00e1i ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n v\u00e0 phi t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fiahub.com\/blog\/khai-niem-co-ban-ve-kien-truc-blockchain-thanh-phan-cau-truc-loi-ich-su-sang-tao\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Blockchain b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Blockchain l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ed5 c\u00e1i ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n. 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